Management - Wikipedia. Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it be a business, a not- for- profit organization, or government body. Management includes the activities of setting the strategy of an organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees or volunteers to accomplish its objectives through the application of available resources, such as financial, natural, technological, and human resources. Management is studied at colleges and universities; some important degrees in management are the Bachelor of Commerce (B. Com.) and Master of Business Administration (M. B. A.) and, for the public sector, the Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree. Individuals who aim at becoming management researchers or professors may complete the Doctor of Management (DM), the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), or the Ph. D in Business Administration or Management. In larger organizations, there are generally three levels of managers, which are typically organized in a hierarchical, pyramid structure. Senior managers, such as the Board of Directors, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or President of an organization, set the strategic goals of the organization and make decisions on how the overall organization will operate. Senior managers provide direction to the middle managers who report to them. Middle managers, examples of which would include branch managers, regional managers and section managers, provide direction to front- line managers. Middle managers communicate the strategic goals of senior management to the front- line managers. Get the latest science news and technology news, read tech reviews and more at ABC News. InformationWeek.com connects the business technology community. Award-winning news and analysis for enterprise IT. The Speakerhat is a collaboration between Audiowear and Atari. But why would a 45-year-old gaming company want to pivot to asshats? Atari executives told VentureBeat. Nortel Networks Corporation, formerly known as Northern Telecom Limited, Northern Electric and sometimes known simply as Nortel, was a multinational. Lower managers, such as supervisors and front- line team leaders, oversee the work of regular employees (or volunteers, in some voluntary organizations) and provide direction on their work. In smaller organizations, the roles of managers have much wider scopes. A manager can perform several roles or even all of the roles commonly observed in a large organization. Definitions. Nevertheless, innovation is also linked to marketing (product innovation is a central strategic marketing issue). Peter Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but management and marketing are generally understood. Management does not need to be seen from enterprise point of view alone, because management is an essential function to improve one's life and relationships. At first, one views management functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting plans, meeting goals. From this perspective, Henri Fayol (1. The phrase . More broadly, every organization must . Some such institutions (such as the Harvard Business School) use that name, while others (such as the Yale School of Management) employ the broader term . The concept and its uses are not constrained. Management on the whole is the process of planning, organizing, coordinating, leading and controlling. Nature of work. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing great employment opportunities for employees. In nonprofit management, add the importance of keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management and governance, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee- voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers, but this is rare. In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies, voters elect politicians to public office. Such politicians hire many managers and administrators, and in some countries like the United States political appointees lose their jobs on the election of a new president/governor/mayor. History. On those terms it cannot have a pre- modern history, only harbingers (such as stewards). Others, however, detect management- like- thought back to Sumerian traders and to the builders of the pyramids of ancient Egypt. Slave- owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting/motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce, but many pre- industrial enterprises, given their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. However, innovations such as the spread of Hindu numerals (5th to 1. Also, Machiavelli wrote about how to make organisations efficient and effective. HBO is developing a feature-length adaptation of Ray Bradbury’s famous 1953 novel Fahrenheit 451 starring Michael B. Jordan and Michael Shannon, about a dystopian. The principles that Machiavelli set forth in Discourses (1. An organisation is more stable if members have the right to express their differences and solve their conflicts within it. While one person can begin an organisation, . But with growing size and complexity of organizations, the split between owners (individuals, industrial dynasties or groups of shareholders) and day- to- day managers (independent specialists in planning and control) gradually became more common. Etymology. The French word for housekeeping, m. The French word mesnagement (or m. For example, Chinese general Sun Tzu in the 6th century BC, The Art of War, recommends being aware of and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a manager's organization and a foe's. Plato described job specialization in 3. B. C., and Alfarabi listed several leadership traits in A. D. While individuals could produce 2. Smith analyzed the steps involved in manufacture and, with 1. About the same time, innovators like Eli Whitney (1. James Watt (1. 73. Matthew Boulton (1. Many of these aspects of management existed in the pre- 1. US economy. That environment saw 4 million people, as the contemporary usages had it, . Examples include Henry R. Towne's Science of management in the 1. Frederick Winslow Taylor's The Principles of Scientific Management (1. Lillian Gilbreth's Psychology of Management (1. Gantt's charts (1. Duncan wrote the first college management- textbook in 1. In 1. 91. 2 Yoichi Ueno introduced Taylorism to Japan and became the first management consultant of the . His son Ichiro Ueno pioneered Japanese quality assurance. The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1. The Harvard Business School offered the first Master of Business Administration degree (MBA) in 1. People like Henri Fayol (1. Alexander Church described the various branches of management and their inter- relationships. In the early 2. 0th century, people like Ordway Tead (1. Walter Scott and J. Mooney applied the principles of psychology to management. Other writers, such as Elton Mayo (1. Mary Parker Follett (1. Chester Barnard (1. Max Weber (1. 86. It resulted from Alfred Sloan (chairman of General Motors until 1. Drucker went on to write 3. H. Dodge, Ronald Fisher (1. Thornton C. Fry introduced statistical techniques into management- studies. In the 1. 94. 0s, Patrick Blackett worked in the development of the applied- mathematicsscience of operations research, initially for military operations. Operations research, sometimes known as . In this context many management fads may have had more to do with pop psychology than with scientific theories of management. Towards the end of the 2. More and more processes simultaneously involve several categories. Instead, one tends to think in terms of the various processes, tasks, and objects subject to management. Further, management programs related to civil- society organizations have also spawned programs in nonprofit management and social entrepreneurship. Note that many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from business- ethics viewpoints, critical management studies, and anti- corporate activism. As one consequence, workplace democracy (sometimes referred to as Workers' self- management) has become both more common and advocated to a greater extent, in some places distributing all management functions among workers, each of whom takes on a portion of the work. However, these models predate any current political issue, and may occur more naturally than does a command hierarchy. All management embraces to some degree a democratic principle—in that in the long term, the majority of workers must support management. Otherwise, they leave to find other work or go on strike. Despite the move toward workplace democracy, command- and- control organization structures remain commonplace as de facto organization structure. Indeed, the entrenched nature of command- and- control is evident in the way that recent layoffs have been conducted with management ranks affected far less than employees at the lower levels. In some cases, management has even rewarded itself with bonuses after laying off lower- level workers. Kets de Vries, a contemporary senior management team will almost inevitably have some personality disorders. First- line managers are the lowest level of management and manage the work of nonmanagerial individuals who are directly involved with the production or creation of the organization's products. First- line managers are often called supervisors, but may also be called line managers, office managers, or even foremen. Middle managers include all levels of management between the first- line level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of first- line managers and may have titles such as department head, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. Top managers are responsible for making organization- wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairman of the board. These managers are classified in a hierarchy of authority, and perform different tasks. In many organizations, the number of managers in every level resembles a pyramid. Each level is explained below in specifications of their different responsibilities and likely job titles. Different organizations have various members in their C- suite, which may include a Chief Financial Officer, Chief Technology Officer, and so on.
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